Multiplying Fractions with Pictures! June 15, 2011

Fraction Multiplication: Of what?

Fractions are probably the most troublesome topic in Math.  As soon as a problem involves a fraction, kids freeze up.  In Math, of tells us to multiply.  How many shrimp are in five pounds of shrimp?  We multiply the number of shrimp in a pound by five.  Once we know this, fraction multiplication becomes a bit easier to understand.

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The How of fraction multiplication is easy – multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators.  When we show fraction multiplication with pictures, we need to remember of.

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Now to the Why.  To start, we’ll look at a relatively easy problem so that we can develop a pattern to follow with more difficult fraction multiplication problems:

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(1/2)(1/2)

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Translated into English, this problem reads “one-half of one-half”.  Here’s a picture of  1/2:

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And the area below in red is “one-half of one-half”:

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It’s easy to see that one-half of one-half is (1/4).  And in fact:

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(1/2)(1/2)   =   1/4

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Before moving on, let’s look more closely at one aspect of the problem above: the denominator 4.  Where did this come from?  To get that denominator, we needed to keep the entire circle (whole) in mind.  In other words, we needed to say that the red piece was “1 out of something”.  (Confusingly, out of means to divide in Math!)  The denominator is 4 because the red pie piece is 1 out of 4 total pie pieces in the circle.  Always remembering the entire original area is key in fraction multiplication.  Later, we’ll see the same is true with fraction division.

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To make the denominator easier to see, we can divide the circle twice: first vertically for the first fraction, then horizontally for the second fraction:

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It’s then easy to see that the overlapped area (numerator) and the entire number of pie pieces in the circle (denominator) create our answer.  This will always be the case.  It wasn’t a coincidence that the denominator was naturally created as we divided the circle twice.  Let’s use this pattern to solve a more complicated fraction multiplication problem:

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(2/7)(3/5)

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Because these two fractions do not have a common denominator, it would be hard to divide a circle into 7 (and take 2), then into 5 (and take 3), and analyze the overlapped area.  So instead, we’ll use nice, easy rectangles.  First,  2/7:

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In the rectangle above, two of the rectangle’s 7 horizontal bars are colored green to represent 2/7.  Now, keeping the whole rectangle in mind, let’s take 3/5:

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In the rectangle above, three of the 5 vertical columns are colored blue to represent 3/5.  Where to the two colored areas overlap?

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In the above picture, we can see that the overlapped area consists of 6 purple boxes.  But 6 of what?  Remembering our easy example (1/2)(1/2), where our denominator was the total number of pie pieces in the circle after our two rounds of dividing, let’s count the total number of boxes in the above rectangle.  The total number of boxes is 35.

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And in fact:   (2/7)(3/5)   =   6/35

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OLD FASHIONED CHECK: We know that (2/7)(3/5) = 6/35 from the algorithm “multiplying across”.

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To see this more clearly, we can look at the below picture and see that the area the fractions share, or the overlapped region, is 6 boxes, and the area of the entire region is 35 boxes.  “6 out of 35 boxes are double shaded”.

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In this last picture we can see that the area of the double shaded region is 6, or (2×3), and the area of the entire region is 35, or (7×5), which is why we multiply the numerators (2×3) and the denominators (7×5) when we find the product of two fractions.

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Also see Dividing Fractions With Pictures!

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If this was helpful, here is a free poster download for your classroom:

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Also see Dividing Fractions With Pictures! and Differences of Squares with Pictures!

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You can download a PDF ebook that uses pictures to explain fraction division, multiplication and addition on CurrClick at Fractions: A Picture Book!

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contact blog author Shana Donohue: shanadonohue@gmail.com

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Manny Ramirez adds his fractions… January 7, 2011

Usually when adding fractions, we never ever ever ever ever add the denominators together.  That is, except for in baseball.  In a season of baseball, a “whole” is the entire season of at bats, not any one individual game. We won’t know what that whole is until the end of the season, so we keep adding the at bats (denominator), and tallying the numerator (hits), to find how many hits per at bats Manny has at any point in time during the season.  Weird, right?  But true!

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Scenario 1: Manny Ramirez’s batting average is 5/7 (ie .714, “Batting a 714!”, WOW!  Go Manny!) after two games: one game of 3/4 (three hits out of 4 at bats), and another game of 2/3 (two hits out of 3 at bats).  In other words, Manny has hit 5 times in 7 at bats, which was realized by adding the numerators and adding the denominators. 

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But we’re told to never ever ever add denominators, so what happened?  What happened is simple: the “whole”, which is the basis of fractions, is defined here as the entire Baseball season at any point in time.  At this point in time, Manny’s whole season has consisted of 7 at bats.  The “whole” in baseball grows as each game progresses.  In fact, if we were to use the adding fractions algorithm to get a common denominator, we’d get 3/4 + 2/3 = 9/12 + 8/12 = 17/12!  Manny can’t possibly get 17 hits after 12 at bats!  That’s just nonsense! 

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Wait, I don’t get it.  I hardly do, either.  But let’s try…

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Let’s think a bit more about Manny’s at bats.  Maybe if we thought of every at bat as its own whole, that is, each at bat is like a coin flip – he’ll either hit or not – we’d begin to understand what is happening.  Ah, we do!  BUT, we also have to keep in mind when we’re looking at his batting average: after 7 hits.  There is a common denominator here, it’s 7!  7 is the, albeit temporary until the next game, sample space.  When we look at 3/4 + 2/3 = 5/7, what we’re really looking at is (1/7 + 1/7 + 1/7 + 0/7) + (1/7 + 1/7 + 0/7) = 5/7! 

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This can be seen with eggs, too…

Scenario 2: Here, we have 8/12 + 2/4.  If we add (8+2) and (12+4) we will get the fraction 10/16, and there are, in fact, 10 out of 16 spaces filled with eggs.  However, we completely disregarded the fact that the two containers are different sizes.  Let’s see what happens if we really ignore the discrepancy in container size:  If we first reduce 8/12 to “2/3” by chopping the numerators and denominators both by 4 (allowed!), and reduce the 2/4 to “1/2” by the old halfsies method (also allowed!), and then try adding the numerators and denominators together, we’ll end up with 3/5.  3/5 is definitely not the same as 5/8 (reduced from 10/16 by halfsies).  But why? 

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We have to remember what we were doing, just like Manny had to remember that outfield is just as important as batting.  When we added the original numerators together (8+2) and the original denominators together (12+4) we were working with raw data, just like in the case of Manny Ramirez’s batting average.  What we really did was add (1/16 + 1/16 + 0/16, … you get the idea.  We defined the sample space as 16 because there are 16 total spaces for eggs, and we disregarded the different sizes of the containers.  If we first take the time to reduce the fractions, we change the fractions from ones that represent real information (actual egg numbers) to one that represents the proportion of eggs in each container.  Herein lies the problem.  How big is our whole?  We need to clearly define it.  If it’s 16, that’s fine if we consider 2 containers to be one whole.  But if we consider each container its own whole, we need to do things differently…    

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If we are merely looking at how many eggs we have versus how many egg spaces, disregarding the discrepancy in egg carton size, we find that we have 10 eggs out of 16 total spaces.  16 is the whole.  This is useful information to have when baking a cake.  Or a few cakes and some French toast.  But if we first allow ourselves to reduce the egg carton fractions individually to 2/3 and 1/2, we change the problem from looking at one whole of 16 to two separate, differently-sized wholes of 3 and 2.  Once we do this, we enter into the realm of WHOLES.  And this is OK!  This is what fractions are all about!  There is a way to add wholes of different sizes; you just have to define how large you want your whole to be. 

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But first, we have to remember an old mantra I heard somewhere, or didn’t hear anywhere, that Math is a Language.  Math is a language just as Portuguese is a language.  In Portuguese, you can’t talk in straight verbs, people would think you cracked your egg!  There are rules to follow when speaking Portuguese, and the same is true in math.  If we want to add 2/3 + 1/2, we absolutely can, but we first have to remember that each of these two fractions has already been given a clearly defined whole: one is the denominator 3 and the other is the denominator 2.  To add these portions of wholes, we have to first decide how large we want our end whole to be, and it can be any number.  It can be 1, 2, 1.17, 2.14, anything.  But what number makes sense, and more importantly, what number is easy to work with?  How about 6?

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Both 3 and 2 go into 6, so we can make the common baseball season, er, we can make the common denominator 6.  We do this by un-reducing the fractions:

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2/3 = 4/6 by multiplying the top and bottom both by 2.

1/2 = 3/6 by multiplying the top and bottom both by 3.

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Now we have our new common sample space, our new common whole, our new Common Denominator!  It’s 6!  Now we can add the numerators and come to 4/6 + 3/6 = 7/6.  The new common egg carton has 6 spaces for eggs and 7 eggs, or 1 carton and 1/6 of a carton.  We could make our sample space 12 and add 8/12 + 6/12 = 14/12, or one full carton of 12 with 2 eggs left over. 

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But wait!  Why do we have one egg left over in the first addition and 2 eggs left over in the second addition?  Remember, we’re no longer talking real eggs here; we left real eggs behind when we decided to look at each carton individually and throw sample space 16 [rightfully] out the window.  We are talking “proportion of the whole”, and with fractions, we can decide however big we want our whole to be.  How many at bats will Manny have?

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For a picture tour on how to deal with fractions: Multiplying Fractions With Pictures!

Freshmen Everywhere Dream…. of FOIL? – Video June 17, 2010

All too common math mistakes! June 16, 2010

 

One of my grad school professors called the mistake (a+b)^2 = a^2 + b^2 the “freshman dream”.  I guess he meant freshmen in college, but freshmen in high school make the same mistake.  Come to think of it, a lot of people make the same mistake.  What other mistakes are common in Algebra?

 

Here are just a few I can think of:

 

x = 1.     NO.  Well, sometimes, but definitely not always.

  

-7 + 5 = -12.  NO.  This one’s a never and the reason I developed the ZeroSum ruler.

  

(a+b)^2 = a^2 + b^2.  NOPE.  There’s a middle term in there.  Write it out.  Don’t be lazy.  Find it. 

  

1/2 = 2.  NO.  “1 out of 2″ is not 2.

  

(x + 2) + (x - 5) = x^2 – 3x - 10.  NO.  This is an addition problem, not a multiplication problem.

  

(x+2) – (x - 5) = -3.  NOPE again.  That little – sign is a -1 in disguise and needs to be distributed.

  

(2/5)(7/3) = ….<blank>….  NO.  Multiply the numerators together and the denominators together to get 14/15.  Easy!

  

“Thirty percent of 140 = 140/.3″.  NO.  You’re going to get a huge number.  “OF” means to multiply, not divide.

  

|-5| = 5, so |5| = -5.  NO.  Absolute value is always a positive number.  It represents a distance.  Even if you walk backwards, you’re still moving some distance.

  

“find x^2 if x = -5″.  Answer: -25.  NO.  Jut because the TI-83 says -25 doesn’t mean it’s right.  Calculators use PEMDAS, which states multiplication comes after exponents.  Remember a few mistakes back that the little – sign is a -1 in disguise.  It’s the same here.  If you put “-5^2″ into the calculator, the calculator will square 5 and then multiply by -1.  To square the entire -5, use ( ).  Or just remember that a negative number raised to any even power will always be positive. 

 

(x^4)(x^5) = x^20.  NO!  This is a common mistake kids make.  But if they start by thinking about what “x^4″and “x^5″ mean, it’s easy to see that (x^4)(x^5) expands to (xxxx)(xxxxx).  Parenthesis right next to each other tell us to multiply, so you end up with (xxxxxxxxx) or x^9 or x^(4+5).

 

(x^4)^5 = x^9.  No, too.  x^4 = (xxxx) and the “^5″ means you have 5 (xxxx)’s.  So (x^4)^5 expands to (xxxx)(xxxx)(xxxx)(xxxx)(xxxx).  Parenthesis right next to each other still say “multiply” so we have 20 x’s in a row, or x^20.

 

I know there are more.  What did I miss?